Sounds like its not engaged the threads and should just jiggle off.
From what most singles Ive converted over the years have taught me, youre cog seems a bit too far outboard for typical chainlines. It could be right on, so take that with a grain of salt, Ive just never seen one so far out.
Almost always the position ends up being, using your particular spacers in the pic: big spacer, little spacer, cog, little spacer, lockring.
If the final spacer is a bit too much, break apart a cassette and recycle the spacers. Srams have a hex screw on the back, Shimanos require grinding off a pop rivet.
Indeed, something that should have taken 20 minutes is proving to be a bit crazy.