the ratio notation refers to the size of the image on the sensor.
An image taken at 1:1 is the same size on the sensor as it is in real life. The size of the print or the image on screen doesnt enter into it.
I think some manufacturors have occasionally made really specialised lenses which focused to 2:1 natively, but generally if youre going beyond 1:1 then youre going to need extension tubes, teleconverters, stacked reversed lenses or some combination of all three. A 50mm prime mounted backwards on the front of a macro lens works rather well if you want to get REALLY close.
this for example
If I recall correctly was a 35mm prime reversed on the front of an 80-200 zoom at 200 with two 2x converters.
Its the lettering underneath the queens head on a penny.
Edit: anyone asking "why the hell did he take that rather crappy photo?" yes, it is rather crappy, it was a challenge on another forum to see who could get closest to the aforementioned lettering. I didnt win.